Ana sayfa Destinasyonlar Doğa-Dağ Türkiye`deki En Güzel 9 Mağara

Türkiye`deki En Güzel 9 Mağara

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10MAĞARA NEDİR?

 

Kaya içine veya yamaca doğru uzanan geniş kovuk. Yeraltı sularının tesiriyle, yer içinde meydana gelen büyük oyuklar şeklinde olanlarına yeraltı mağarası denir. Eğer su içinde teşekkül ederlerse, sualtı mağarası adını alırlar. Mağaralar görev ve yapılarına göre düden veya obruk diye tarif edilir

Yerüstü sularının kalker tabakalarına girişi ile yeraltında akarsular hasıl olur. Bu suların kayaları eritip aşındırması sonucu, yeraltı dehlizleri meydana gelir. Zamanla suların çekilmesi ile, genişlikleri yüzlerce metreyi bulan, uzunlukları ise kilometre ile ifade edilen mağaralar teşekkül eder.

Kayaların sertleşmesi esnasında meydana gelirse bunlara birinci grup mağaralar denir: Volkanik mağaralar, lav tüpleri, lav mağaraları, mercan mağaraları bu tip mağaralardır. Kayaların mekanik ve kimyasal aşınması sonucunda meydana gelirse bunlara da ikinci grup mağaralar ismi verilir: Erime mağaraları, deniz mağaraları, rüzgar mağaraları, kaya sığınakları, çöküntü mağaraları, buzul mağaraları, tektonik mağaraları ise bu gruba girmektedir.

Türkiye, arazi yapısı itibariyle küçüklü büyüklü birçok mağaraya sahiptir. Antalya bölgesinde Beldibi, Beltaşı, Karan Damlataş mağaraları, Kars, Hakkari ve Burdur’da İnsuyu, Silifke yakınlarında cennet ve Narlıkaya mağaraları, Elazığ (Harput, Keban), İstanbul (Yarımburgaz) bölgelerinin mağaraları önem arz eder.

Dünyada bilinen belli başlı mağaralar şunlardır: ABD’de Mammoth ve Carisbard mağaraları, bunlar 100 ve 50 km uzunluğundadır. İsviçre’de 62 km uzunluğunda Höll-Loch (Cehennem Ağzı) Mağarası, Avusturya’da 40 km uzunluğunda Eisriesen-Weit Mağarası, Fransa’da 17 km’lik Glaz Mağarası, Yugoslavya’da 20 km’lik Postoyna Mağarası.

Mağaralarda, arazi yapısına göre uçurumlar da bulunur. Fransa’daki Glaz Mağarasında 600 m’lik düzey farkı bulunmaktadır. Belçika’da Han Mağarasında Dome adlı oda 150 m uzunluğunda ve 129 m yüksekliğindedir.

Duvarlardaki kalker birikintilerinden, tabii süs olan, dikit ve sarkıtlar meydana gelir. Bu mağaralardan bir kısmı, turistleri çekmek için ıslah edilmektedir. Havalandırma ve elektrik tesisleri kurulmakta, hatta küçük elektrikli trenler dahi işletilmektedir.

Bazı mağaralar insanlar tarafından sun’i olarak yapılabilmektedir. Mesela; İstanbul surları inşa edilirken ihtiyaç duyulan taş ve kireçlerin yeraltından çıkartılması sonucu Yarımburgaz mağaralarının meydana geldiği, nitekim bunların Yarımburgaz’dan başlayarak sur içine kadar uzandığı bazı tarihçiler

tarafından ifade edilmektedir.

Mağaralarda araştırma yapılmasının teşvik edilmesi sonucu, “mağara ilmi” denen bir ilim dalı vücuda gelmiştir. Bu sahada, Avusturyalı Schidt, Müller, Hanke, Fransız Edward Alfred Martel, Cezayirli A. Belin isim yapmışlardır. ilim adamları, mağara hayvan ve bitkilerini, NBC silahlarına karşı mağaralardan faydalanma yollarını, soğuk hava deposu, santral, fabrika kurulabilme imkanlarını, yeraltı geçidi olarak kullanabilme durumlarını, sel baskınlarının mağaralara aktarılması imkanlarını, elektrik enerjisi üretimi gayesiyle yeraltı sularının toplanması konularında araştırmalar yapmakta ve araştırma sonuçlarının tatbik edilmesine çalışılmaktadır.

Yapılan araştırma ve kazılarda, mağara duvarlarında motif ve resimlerin bulunması, mağaraların yüzyıllarca insan ve hayvan barınağı olarak kullanıldığını delilli olarak değerlendirmektedir.

Geri

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